Which landmark Supreme Court case legitimized the doctrine of 'separate but equal' before it was overturned?

The doctrine of 'separate but equal' was established by the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. This landmark ruling upheld state laws enforcing racial segregation in public facilities, asserting that as long as the separate facilities provided for different races were equal, the segregation did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided a legal basis for the continued discrimination against African Americans and allowed for segregation to flourish in many areas of public life, including education, transportation, and accommodations.

In contrast, Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 ultimately overturned Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring that racial segregation in public schools was inherently unequal and unconstitutional, thus dismantling the 'separate but equal' doctrine. The other cases listed, such as Loving v. Virginia and Brown v. Mississippi, dealt with different issues related to civil rights and do not relate to the establishment of the 'separate but equal' doctrine.