Which controversial figure served as vice president of the United States and was arrested for treason after killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel?

Aaron Burr is the figure in question due to his historical role and the notorious events surrounding him. He served as the third vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805 under President Thomas Jefferson. Burr is most infamously known for his duel with Alexander Hamilton in 1804, which resulted in Hamilton's death. Following the duel, Burr's actions and motivations were scrutinized, ultimately leading to his arrest for treason in 1807, although he was acquitted and never convicted.

This context underlines Burr's controversial legacy. His political ambitions and the duel with Hamilton both contributed significantly to the tumultuous nature of American politics at the time. Other figures listed, such as Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, were founding fathers and presidents associated with shaping the nation, but they did not have the same dramatic and tragic events tied to their lives as Burr did. George Clinton served as vice president under Jefferson as well but did not have a direct association with Hamilton in such a contentious manner. Thus, Burr stands out as the only individual in this context related explicitly to both the vice presidency and the duel that led to Hamilton's demise.